How to edit the hosts file in Mac OS

The hosts file is a text file that maps hostnames to IP addresses. Upon typing a url address on the browser, the system is checking if there is a relevant entry on the hosts file and gets the corresponding IP address, else it resolves the IP via the active connection’s DNS servers.

The hosts file can be edited to block certain hostnames (like ad-serving/malicious hosts), or used for web development purposes, i.e. to redirect domains to local addresses.

Editing the hosts file
Editing the hosts file in Mac OS, is a pretty easy task, especially if you are familiar with the terminal. Just follow these steps:

1. Open the Terminal
2. Open the hosts file by typing on the Terminal that you have just opened:

   $ sudo nano /private/etc/hosts
   

   
   Type your user password when prompted.
3. Edit the hosts file:
   The hosts file contains some comments (lines starting with the # symbol), as well as some default hostname mappings (e.g. 127.0.0.1 – localhost). Simply append your new mappings underneath the default ones. Or edit one of the default values if you know what you are doing! You can navigate the file using the arrow keys.
4. Save the hosts file
   When done editing the hosts file, press control-o to save the file. Press enter on the filename prompt, and control-x to exit the editor.
5. Flush the DNS cache (Optional)
   On Leopard you can issue a simple Terminal command to flush the DNS cache, and have your host file changes to take immediate effect:

   $ dscacheutil -flushcache
   

You can now test your new mapping on the browser!

How to merge (and not replace) folders when copying on the Mac?

Problem:
If I try to copy or move a folder to somewhere it already exists, it asks to replace it. That would result in deleting the target. Rather I want to merge :(


With Windows is really simple, however on Mac, well, it works a little bit different!

Rather than using the GUI I'd rather recommend to use the command line:

$ditto from_folder destination_folder

Infallible!!


This is why

ditto -- copy directory hierarchies, create and extract archives.

If the destination directory does not exist it will be created before the first source is copied. If the destination directory already exists then the source directories are merged with the previous contents of the destination.